Performance Measurement, Stabilizer, and Causal Profiling

It is the standard recommendation for anyone puzzled by unexplained benchmark changes from tiny code edits, and for learning about causal profiling.

Emery Berger explains why performance is hard to measure and deliver on modern hardware, showing how code layout and alignment can swamp optimization effects. He presents Stabilizer for statistically sound evaluation and Coz, a causal profiler.