Using Ground Relays for Low-Latency Starlink

Cited in Starlink latency debates as a clear visual analysis showing sub-100ms latency is plausible even without inter-satellite links.

Mark Handley of UCL explains, with simulation visualizations, how early Starlink satellites without inter-satellite links could still give low-latency wide-area communication by hopping via ground relays. He shows it can beat fibre on many long paths.